A bond is a debt security in which the issuer agrees to repay borrowed money with interest at fixed intervals. Bondholders have a creditor stake in the company. Technically, bonds do not pay dividends, but instead they pay interest. However, bonds are an important allocation for many income investors, thus I chose to include them in this series. There are certain things an informed investor needs to understand before purchasing bonds.

Interest rates play an integral part in determining the current value of a bond. Interest rates and the price of a bond are inversely related. The longer the time until a bond matures, the more susceptible its price is to changes in interest rates. Consider two bonds, one that has a maturity of 30 years and another with a 7 day maturity. If after both bonds are sold, interest rates go up one percent, the price of both bonds will decline since new investors expect to earn the prevailing interest rate. However, the interest rate decline will affect the price of the 30 year bond more than the 7 day bond, due to the longer period of “lost” earnings. It works the same in the other direction – if interest rates drop the bond holder will sell it at higher price which lowers the yield to the market rate.

In summary, longer-term investments have lower rate volatility at the expense of higher price volatility. Therefore, the term of the bond purchased should be dictated by your long-term investment goals. If your goal is capital preservation, short-term is the most appropriate investment. If an investor is willing to hold a bond until it matures and values lower rate volatility, then a longer-term investment will likely better meet this investor’s needs.

Like preferred stocks, many investors choose not to research and buy individual bonds. Instead, they have opted to make their bond investments in funds. Consider the following bond funds:

Vanguard Long-Term Bond ETF (BLV) – Yield: 5.16%
Vanguard Long-Term Bond ETF seeks to track the performance of a market-weighted bond index with a long-term dollar-weighted average maturity. It maintains a dollar-weighted average maturity consistent with that of the Index, which generally ranges between 15 and 30 years.
- Total Assets: $2.9 billion
- Expense Ratio: 0.14%
- Holdings: 40% US Corporate, 39% US Treasury, 8% Foreign Corp, 5% Foreign Govt, 8% Other
- Distributions: Monthly

Vanguard Intermediate-Term Bond ETF (BIV) – Yield 4.32%
The investment seeks to track the performance of a market-weighted bond index with an intermediate-term dollar-weighted average maturity.The fund maintains a dollar-weighted average maturity consistent with that of the index ranging between 5 and 10 years.
- Total Assets: $9.8 billion
- Expense Ratio: 0.14%
- Holdings: 45% US Treasury, 37% US Corporate, 9% Foreign Corp, 5% Foreign Govt, 9% Other
- Distributions: Monthly

Vanguard Short-Term Bond ETF (BSV) – Yield: 2.74%
The investment seeks to track the performance of a market-weighted bond index with a short-term dollar-weighted average maturity. The fund’s dollar-weighted average maturity is not expected to exceed 3 years
- Total Assets: $9.8 billion
- Expense Ratio: 0.14%
- Holdings: 52% US Treasury, 24% US Corporate, 14% US Agency, 8% Foreign Corp, 2% Other
- Distributions: Monthly

Vanguard Total Bond Market ETF (BND) – Yield: 3.98%
The investment seeks to track the performance of a broad, market-weighted bond index. The fund maintains a dollar-weighted average maturity consistent with that of the index, ranging between 5 and 10 years.
- Total Assets: $68.8 billion
- Expense Ratio: 0.14%
- Holdings: 33% Mtg Pass-thru, 29% US Treasury, 19% US Corporate, 7% US Agency, 12% Other
- Distributions: Monthly

Invest Grade Corp Bond (LQD) – Yield: 5.44%
The investment seeks results that correspond generally to the price and yield performance, before fees and expenses, of the iBoxx $ Liquid Investment Grade index. The fund typically invests at least 90% of assets in the bonds of the underlying index, and at least 95% of assets in investment-grade corporate bonds.
- Total Assets: $12.2 billion
- Expense Ratio: 0.15%
- Holdings: 82% US Corporate, 18% Foreign Corp, 0% Other
- Distributions: Monthly

Emerging Mkts Sovereign Debt (PCY) – Yield: 6.44%
The investment seeks investment results that correspond generally to the price and yield (before fees and expensed) of an index called the DB Emerging Market USD Liquid Balanced index. The fund normally invests at least 80% of total assets in emerging markets U.S. dollar-denominated government bonds.
- Total Assets: $520.3 billion
- Expense Ratio: 0.50%
- Holdings: 80% Foreign Govt, 20% Other
- Distributions: Monthly

20+ Year Treasury Bond (TLT) – Yield 3.95%
The investment seeks results that correspond generally to the price and yield performance, before fees and expenses, of the Barclays Capital U.S. 20+ Year Treasury Bond index. The fund generally invests at least 90% of assets in the bonds of the underlying index.
- Total Assets: $2.4 billion
- Expense Ratio: 0.15%
- Holdings: 100% US Treasury
- Distributions: Monthly

Some authors have minimized the importance of bonds in a portfolio primarily focused on dividend growth securities. You can ignore them, but as the past decade has shown it may be to your own peril.

Full Disclosure: Long BLV, BIV, LQD, PCY. See a list of all my income holdings here.

(Photo: Steve Woods)

Cash/Money Markets/CDs – “Cash Investments”
I have always considered “Cash Investments” an oxymoron. Cash is where some investors park their money when they believe the investment risk is greater than the potential return – their sole focus is capital preservation. Unfortunately, some people consider Cash/Money Markets/CDs et.al. as investments. This is a dangerous assumption. Their slow and predictable growth is generally always below inflation, but since it is growing the “investors” often lulled into a false sense of security and do not notice that they are actually losing ground each year until it is too late.

Land/Real Estate – “They aren’t making anymore land.”
Many investors have discovered the hard way that bubbles can also occur in the real estate sector. What was once seen as a safe place to put your money and forget it is now in the midst on an ugly down-turn. According to S&P, home prices tumbled by 19.1 percent in the first quarter, the most in its 21-year history. Home prices have fallen 32.2 percent since peaking in the second quarter of 2006 and are at levels not seen since the end of 2002. Still, there are no signs home prices have hit bottom. “We see no evidence that a recovery in home prices has begun,” said, David M. Blitzer, chairman of the S&P index committee.

Gold/Precious Metals
If you look at a historical chart of gold prices, you will see a pattern, gold spikes to a new level during a crisis, then comes down to a level above the previous steady state. It then trades sideways until the next crisis. It would be hard to time your retirement to coincide with a crisis/spike.

Professionally Managed Equity Mutual Funds
Every year several professionally managed mutual funds out-perform the market. Unfortunately, it is rarely the same funds each year. It has been well documented that over time, most professionally managed funds under-perform the market.

Treasuries/Bonds
Treasuries and bonds tend to be less risky than equity investments, but have historically under-performed equities. It is important to note that there is risk associated with them. For corporate bonds, the companies could default and not pay them. For all bonds, including those issued by government, there is an interest rate risk – rising interest rates drive the price of bonds down. I do consider bonds an important part of my asset allocation. You can purchase bonds directly in the open market or bundled in funds/ETFs. Below are some low-cost Vanguard bond ETFs:

• Vanguard Short-Term Bond ETF (BSV) – Yield: 3.38%
  The Fund seeks to track the performance of the Barclays Capital 1-5 Year Government Index. This index includes U.S. Government, investment-grade corporate, and international dollar-denominated bonds, with maturities between 1 and 5 years.
• Vanguard Intermediate-Term Bond ETF (BIV) – Yield: 4.67%
  The Fund seeks to track the performance of the Barclays Capital 5-10 year Government/Credit Index. This index includes U.S. Government, investment-grade corporate, and international dollar-denominated bonds with maturities between 5 and 10 years.
• Vanguard Long-Term Bond ETF (BLV) – Yield: 5.60%
  The Fund seeks to match the investment performance of the Barclays Capital Mutual Fund Long Government/Corporate Index.
• Vanguard Total Bond Market ETF (BND) – Yield: 4.55%
  The Fund seeks to generate returns that track the performance of the Barclays Capital Aggregate Bond Index, and will maintain a dollar-weighted average maturity consistent with that of the index. The Index measures investment-grade, taxable fixed income securities in the U.S.

Also, if you live in the U.S. you can purchase Savings Bonds via TreasuryDirect.gov. However, recent changes in this program have made it less appealing.

Index Funds/ETFs/CEFs
For most people, indexed investments including mutual funds, exchange traded funds (ETFs) and closed end funds (CEFs) should make up the core of their investment allocation.  In effect, you are aligning your investment risk with what the index fund tracks. If you believe that over time that certain index funds, such as the  S&P 500, will outperform the the various approaches listed above, you should have money invested in it.  Index funds allow you to easily track any sector, market cap or index. Here are some varied funds in this category:

• Vanguard 500 Index Fund Investor (VFINX) – Yield: 2.90%
  The Fund seeks to track the performance of a benchmark index that measures the investment return of large-capitalization stocks. The Fund employs a “passive management” approach designed to track the performance of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index.
• IShares MSCI EAFE Index Fund (EFA) – Yield: 3.94%
  The Fund seeks to provide investment results that correspond generally to the price and yield performance, before fees and expenses, of the MSCI EAFE Index.
• IShares Trust DJ US Basic Mat Sector (IYM) – Yield: 2.58%
  The Fund seeks investment results corresponding to the price and yield performance, before fees and expenses, of the Dow Jones US Basic Materials Sector Index. Component firms are involved in the production of aluminum, chemicals, commodities, chemical specialty products, steel, and other goods and resources.
• IShares Trust DJ US Real Estate Index (IYR) – Yield: 8.69%
  The Fund seeks investment results that correspond generally to the price and yield performance, before fees and expenses, of the Dow Jones US Real Estate Index. Uses a representative sampling strategy. Component firms include hotel and resort firms and REIT’s.

Individual Stocks
Inherently, individual stocks will carry higher risk due to the lack of diversification when evaluated on a stand-alone basis. You can mitigate this risk to a degree by selecting solid dividend paying companies with a track record of increasing their dividends each year. Some of my personal favorites in this category are:

• Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) – Yield: 3.58% – Analysis
• Procter & Gamble Co. (PG) – Yield: 3.32% – Analysis
• Sysco Corp. (SYY) – Yield: 4.12% – Analysis
• PepsiCo, Inc. (PEP) – Yield: 3.49% – Analysis

When it comes to investing your money, there is no escaping risk. A good investor will determine the desired outcome and and invest in a way to acheive their goal with minimal risk.

Full Disclosure: Long BLV, VFINX, EFA, IYM, IYR. See a list of all my income holdings here.